• Financial globalization and cross-border investment decision-making: multiple works assess how foreign direct investment, capital-asset structures, and integrated capital markets influence cost of capital, financing choices, and investment performance across borders [9], [6], [14], [17].

• International R&D across borders: studies trace establishment, evolution, and coordination of research and development abroad by U.S. multinationals and others, highlighting how location costs, path dependence, and coordination shape global innovation networks [4], [13], [15], [19].

• Internationalization and diversification effects on performance: papers examine how foreign operations, diversification strategies, and degree of multinationality influence growth, profitability, and risk across countries [2], [12], [14], [8], [7].

• Institutional and policy constraints: host country policies, forced divestment pressures, and regulatory environments shape multinational strategy and government–firm interactions [3], [16], [6].

• Industry structure and firm characteristics in globalization: analyses of how firm size, industry, nationality, and degree of multinationality shape expansion and profitability, with attention to large firms and developing-country entrants [18], [11], [12], [7].